India and Pakistan have clashed over control of Kashmir for decades, with three wars fought over the region. Like Misbah’s husband, many other Kashmiri youths also received weapons training after moving to Pakistan during the insurgency. Some militants did not return and settled in Pakistan, marrying locals.

In 2010, Indian officials in Jammu and Kashmir launched a rehabilitation policy for Kashmiri militants in Pakistan who had given up insurgent activities and were willing to return.

The scheme did not succeed as intended, however. The returning militants struggled to secure employment, their children faced difficulties gaining admission to schools, and Pakistani women were not permitted to return to their homeland, nor could they gain Indian citizenship.

Islamabad has said on several occasions that it is willing to take back the Pakistani women. The Pakistani embassy in India has also written to local authorities to allow these women to visit their old homes.

Activists and human rights groups have called the law discriminatory and criticised New Delhi for targeting one religion.

Misbah said economic hardships, and more importantly the longing to see her family, made her life “miserable” in Indian-administered Kashmir.

“My life is ruined here. All I want from the government is to deport me back. I will never return,” she told This Week in Asia, underlining her growing frustration.

Losing hope

When Misbah, who has a seven-year-old child, and the other Pakistani women who married Kashmiri militants crossed into Indian-administered Kashmir, they did not know at the time that their trip would be one-way. Ever since, they have remained stuck without any valid travel documents.

“We came with the hope that we will get a better life. But that was not the case,” Misbah said.

Under Jammu and Kashmir’s rehabilitation policy, the former rebels and their families were permitted to return to India only through border checkpoints at Wagah-Attari in Punjab, the Salamabad and Chakkan da Bagh crossings along The Line of Control separating Indian- and Pakistani-administered Kashmir, or through the airport in Delhi.

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However, most ex-rebels and their families chose to avoid the permitted routes to evade scrutiny from the Pakistani and Indian security agencies.

Misbah and her husband used the Nepal route.

At the time, the authorities took in all families irrespective of whether they had valid documents. But when the women later tried to visit home, they were refused new travel documents by officials, citing security reasons.

“If we are illegal, why didn’t they [the authorities] send us back then only? We would have not faced such hardships,” Misbah said.

Last month, Indian Union Minister Amit Shah defended the Citizenship Amendment Act, calling those living in what Delhi referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) citizens of India irrespective of their religion.

“PoK is part of India. The people of PoK are also Indians – be they Hindu or Muslim. Both Hindus and Muslims of PoK are our own,” Shah said on the sidelines of the India Today Conclave, an annual conference held in Delhi.

Sheikh Showkat Hussain, a political commentator and retired professor of international law and human rights, said if the Indian government considered Pakistan-administered Kashmir a part of India, it should grant citizenship to Pakistani women married to residents of Jammu and Kashmir.

“Many of these women belong to Muzzafarabad [Pakistani Kashmir’s capital city] which India claims is a part of India. So, if somebody has travelled from that side to this side [India-administered Kashmir], then they are the natural citizens of India,” he told This Week in Asia.

“There is a specific law under Article 3 of the Indian constitution for Jammu and Kashmir under which these women can be made eligible for permanent citizenship,” Hussain added.

However, given the current political climate, Hussain said it seemed unlikely India would either allow these women to travel to their native land or grant them Indian citizenship.

India’s home department did not respond to repeated requests for comment on the issue.

‘I am all alone here’

Living in a different culture has not been easy for these women, many of whom later got divorced, leaving them estranged in an alien land.

Bushra Farooq came to Indian-administered Kashmir in 2012 with her husband, also a former militant, and two children. The couple divorced in 2019.

“Life is a struggle. I am all alone here with my children,” said Bushra, who hails from Muzaffarabad on the other side of the frontier, but now lives in Kupwara district, in Indian-administered Kashmir.

In October 2023, the Jammu and Kashmir home department formed a high-level committee to identify foreigners who had been illegally staying in the region since January 1, 2011.

“If we have illegally come here [to Indian-administered Kashmir] then we are appealing to the government to deport us. But the government is neither deporting us nor giving us travel documents,” Bushra said, noting that being a Muslim, she could not apply for citizenship under the Citizenship Amendment Act.

For over a decade, the only communication that women like Bushra had with their families was through their phones.

Social activist Nighat Shafi Pandit, who has worked with some of the women, said it was unfortunate that no one had listened to their plight for years.

“Many of these women after getting divorced were very vulnerable, that is when we came to their help in terms of providing economic and mental help,” Pandit said.

Pandit, chairwoman of the HELP Foundation for abandoned and orphaned children, said that she would again contact the authorities to argue the women’s case.

“To be very honest, it is very hard nowadays for us to rake up anything to do with Pakistan. But I will stick my neck out,” she said.

Nusrat Rashid, who also hails from the Muzaffarabad region originally, came to Indian-administered Kashmir in 2008 and got divorced in 2020.

“I was only 17 years old when I got married and my husband brought me here. I am just passing my days here now,” Nusrat said.

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A mother of two daughters, Nusrat said she had been working hard and struggling to make ends meet ever since her divorce.

While in Indian-administered Kashmir, Nusrat lost her father, and Misbah’s brother got married, but neither were able to join their families to mark the occasions.

“It was through a video call that I saw my father for the last time,” Nusrat told This Week in Asia, her voice filled with sadness.