China’s ‘no strings attached’ approach to the Middle East may work better than US ethos of liberation
- Beijing’s strategy may not banish political enmity and ethno-religious strife from the region, but it could bring socioeconomic relief to war-torn countries. And for those suffering hardship, that may be a lifesaver
As the US pulls back, China is leaning in, drawing Middle East states into its “community with a shared future”. Beijing’s geoeconomic strategy will not promote liberal democracy in the region but it could restore socioeconomic stability in some of the conflict-ridden countries.
Actually, China’s policy of non-intervention has religious roots, namely, polytheism. The ancient Chinese believed in multiple pathways to the ultimate good. This pluralistic ethos underpins China’s conviction that every country should determine its own political destiny.
By contrast, Christian monotheism asserts that the church alone is the gateway to salvation. This theology shaped the US’ sense of destiny as the beacon on the hill, which must liberate and democratise the world.
Surely, the Chinese also aspire to a free world, but Confucianism posits that the best way to achieve this is through exemplary leadership. Indeed, the Chinese emperor reigned with the belief that the virtuous power of his benevolent rule could lead to peace under heaven. Thus, for much of its long history, the self-absorbed Middle Kingdom barely ventured beyond the Great Wall.
Globalisation has finally caught up with China. The once self-contained Middle Kingdom now knows its fate is intertwined with the wider world. And with a worsening environmental crisis, among other exigencies, China is mindful that it must stay globally engaged, to save the world, and itself.
Thus, unlike Zheng He’s expedition, which ended abruptly, China’s 21st-century global outreach may be here to stay. That said, modern China has retained a crucial Ming dynasty feature, namely, a tributary-like power configuration centred on trade and commerce.
Amid the Ukraine war, the US is again framing the threat to the existing world order as a battle between democracy and autocracy. Unless the free world prevails, Washington warns, peace will elude humanity.
But China is determined to move past the West’s bipolar world view. It is advancing an alternative master narrative of sustaining an inclusive global economic order where divergent political ideologies can exist alongside each other in pursuit of peace and prosperity.
Herein lies an intriguing study of the two superpowers’ contrasting visions and postures.
China’s strategy is a play on the “Asian values” argument that social economic stability must precede the restoration of civil political rights. But the Asian values argument has left the US feeling betrayed. After facilitating China’s re-emergence as an economic powerhouse, Washington was aghast when Beijing refused to embrace liberal democracy.
US-China relations are on a downward spiral and there’s no coming back
Clearly, the Chinese Communist Party has its own version of good governance, and a rising China is not likely to facilitate the cause of liberal democracy. In fact, with Beijing’s no-strings-attached investment policy, political enmity and ethno-religious sectarianism is likely to continue to beset the Middle East. But what is the alternative?
Xi’s potential visit to Saudi Arabia, and China’s burgeoning influence in the wider region, is not expected to yield immediate political transformation. But Xi’s vision of a community with a shared future could bring socioeconomic relief to some of the war-torn countries. And for many whose livelihood has been shattered, this may well be the life-saving strategy that matters most for now.
Peter T.C. Chang is deputy director of the Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia