The transformation of Xi Jinping is happening before our eyes. With the insertion of Xi Jinping Thought into the Communist Party’s constitution and the possibility that a quarter-century consensus on two-term leaders will be ended, it’s clear that China will be living with Xi for a long time to come. When trying to make comparisons, it’s Mao that comes to mind most naturally (not least as the term Lingxiu, last used for Mao, and before that for Chiang Kai-shek, is being revived for Xi). Vladimir Putin is another parallel. But let me offer another: the former French president, Charles de Gaulle.

In many ways, de Gaulle and Xi were very different leaders. De Gaulle was a defender of a democratic France, whereas Xi Jinping Thought explicitly rejects liberal politics. But the similarity lies in de Gaulle’s concept of une certaine idee de la France (“a certain idea of France”) with une destinee eminente et exceptionelle (“a lofty and exceptional destiny”). This view of the nation is echoed in Xi’s vision. Mao Zedong’s idea of China was of class-based revolution, whereas Deng Xiaoping’s was of economic transformation. Xi’s appears to be about how China is felt by its citizens, and perceived by foreigners. He’s trying to put forward a “certain idea of China” – powerful, culturally unique, and a power with which other countries must reckon, or regret the consequences.

Of course, there was one other element of Gaullism that is echoed in Xi thought, and the clue is in the name: de Gaulle himself. De Gaulle essentially proposed loyalty to himself and his ideas as equivalent to patriotism. Xi’s name, along with his projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, have been placed in the party constitution, making opposition to the Communist Party essentially equivalent to opposing Xi. De Gaulle refused to take up the presidency in 1958 unless the entire system was changed to give him maximum power, reducing the power of parliament. Xi has sought, and gained, centralised power as a response to a society which he thinks may fall apart from internal tensions. This recalls the way de Gaulle once reflected: “How can one rule any country that has 246 different types of cheese?” De Gaulle also mistrusted even supposed allies; the Americans despaired when he took France out of the Nato high command, and he repeatedly vetoed Britain’s attempts to join the EEC (the predecessor to the European Union). His foreign policy was his own; idiosyncratic and based on a powerful idea of his own rightness when it came to the fate of France.