Casting his ballot in his hometown of Kwekwe, central Zimbabwe, a confident Mnangagwa told journalists: “If I think I’m not going to take it, then I will be foolish”.

“Everyone who contests should go into the race to win”, he added, sporting his trademark multicoloured scarf.

The opposition is hoping to ride a wave of discontent over the southern African country’s economic woes that include high inflation, unemployment and widespread poverty.

Zimbabwe election nears, integrity of contest called in to question

In Harare’s oldest suburb Mbare, voters queued early in the morning outside more than a dozen large green tents set up as polling stations on a dusty field facing rundown residential blocks and empty wooden market stands.

Thick black smoke from a fire at the nearby market billowed over that polling station, which opened after nearly an hour delay in the delivering of ballots.

As the sun rose, some used light from their mobile phones to find their name on voters’ rolls hanging outside the tents to make sure they were at the right polling stations.

Before electors cast their ballot, electoral officials marked their finger nail with a indelible black marker to fend off double voters.

“It’s important for me to vote,” said Diana Office, in her thirties. Asked if she was hopeful things would improve after the elections, she laughed, resting her head on the back of a friend queuing in front of her.

“No,” she said. “I’m just here to exercise my right only.”

Talk of change or a better tomorrow are often associated with support for Chamisa, the opposition leader, who few would openly say they support.

But the odds are stacked against the opposition.

Chamisa, a lawyer and pastor has promised a new Zimbabwe “for everyone” and pledged to tackle corruption, relaunch the economy and pull the country out of international isolation.

Yet, in a nation with a history of tainted elections, few believe he will emerge the outright winner.

China, Zimbabwe seek stronger ties as Harare prepares for elections

His party has complained about being unfairly targeted by authorities, its members have been arrested, dozens of its events blocked and little or no airtime has been allotted to it on national television.

But the deputy chairman of the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC), Rodney Kiwa, dismissed concerns about irregularities in the voters roll as “the product of creative imagination”.

Chamisa is used to disputed elections.

He narrowly lost to Mnangagwa in 2018, in a poll he condemned as fraudulent. It was tainted by a deadly crackdown on post-election protests.

Government spokesman Nick Mangwana said authorities had confidence in the electoral process and believed things would go peacefully.

“I just wish every Zimbabwean would accept the choice of the Zimbabwean people,” he said.

In Kwekwe, unemployed voter Freddy Kondowe, hopes the election will deliver him “a good job” and that “my president is going to give us good governance”.

The former British colony, then named Rhodesia, broke away from London in 1965 under white-minority rule.

After a long guerilla war, it gained independence in 1980 and was renamed Zimbabwe.

But under Mugabe, the fledgling democracy spiralled into authoritarianism and economic decline.

Things have hardly improved since Mnangagwa came to power – although his supporters point at infrastructure projects such as roads as signs of his success.

The agriculturally- and mineral-rich country is burdened by “unsustainable” debt levels, according to the World Bank.

Inflation officially stood at 101 per cent in July but some economists say the real figure is higher.

At least 6.6 million people are registered to vote.

To clinch re-election, Mnangagwa – nicknamed “the crocodile” for his ruthlessness – must win an absolute majority of votes.

If he doesn’t garner at least 50 per cent plus one of the votes, he will face a run-off.